Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov ran the country from 1982 through 1984.
He was born on June 2nd (15), 1914 at Nagutskaya station, Stavropol region. Soviet statesman and politician, Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee from 1982 to 1984, Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet from 1983 to 1984, Chairman of the USSR KGB from 1967 to 1982. His father was Vladimir Andropov, telegraph operator at a railway station, mother – Evgeniya Karlovna. His spouse’s name was Nina Ivanovna.
Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko ran the country from 1984 to 1985.
Konstantin Chernenko was born on September 11th (24), 1911 in the village of Bolshaya Tes, Yenisei province (currently the Novoselovsky district, Krasnodar territory) in a family of Russian peasants. His spouse’s name was Anna Dmitrievna.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ran the country from 1985 to 1991.
He was born on March 2nd, 1931 in the Privolnoye Village, Stavropol Territory. His father’s name was Sergey Andreyevich, mother’s Maria Panteleyevna. The spouse was Raisa Maksimovna. Secretary General of the CPSU Central Committee (March 11th, 1985 – August 23rd, 1991), first and last President of the USSR (March 15th, 1990 – December 25th, 1991), head of the Gorbachev Fund.
Alexander I was the first ruler in Russia, who decided to reform the country’s political system by creating a Constitution, which would guarantee the rights and freedoms to its citizens. Alas, it failed to be implemented. In 1820, they had developed a project named the “State Charter of the Russian Empire”, but its approval was postponed.
Nikolay I ruled Russia from 1826 to 1855. His contemporaries noted that he perceived the role of the tsar as that of the owner of Russia, seeing the country as his property. The drama of Nikolay I is that despite his firmness, vanity, conviction, he failed to keep the empire as a national state within the limits of strict order created by him. Towards the end of his reign, he had to admit that his philosophy was not viable.
Alexander II ruled from 1856 to 1881. Generals Merder and Kavelin, as well as poet V.A. Zhukovsky, were his teachers and imparted to him liberal views and a romantic outlook on life. Alexander II canceled the serfdom and then conducted a number of reforms (territorial, judicial, military, etc.). He is known in the Russian history as Alexander II the Liberator. The historians didn’t name him Great, but his reforms are seen and defined as a Great ones.
Alexander III ascended to the throne in 1883 after his father, Alexander II, died in a terrorist attack, acquiring the right to the crown as the oldest son after the sudden death of his older brother Prince Nikolay. Until the age of twenty, Alexander III wasn’t the successor to the throne and wasn’t raised as the future emperor.
Nikolay II ruled Russia from 1894 to 1917. He became the last emperor of the Russian empire. His rule fell on the period of sharp aggravation of political struggle in Russia, and also deteriorated foreign policy (the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905; Bloody Sunday; Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia; the First World War; February revolution of 1917).
Adopted by the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 10th, 1918. The birth of the Soviet State was accompanied with the appearance of the Declaration of Rights of Working and Exploited People adopted on January 25th, 1918, by the Third All-Russian Congress of Soviets. It was included into the wording of the first Soviet Constitution and is now the monument of law. Certain authors directly call the declaration the first document of Soviet Russia having a constitutional nature.
It was adopted by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 31, 1924. It specified that “union republics make amendments to their constitutions in accordance with this Constitution”. The Constitution comprised two sections – the USSR Establishment Declaration and the USSR Establishment Agreement.